Incazelo ngemuva kokuluhlaza

Kukangaki ucabanga nge-backstory ngemuva kwemibala oyikhethayo njengeciko?Siyakwamukela ekubukeni kwethu okujulile kokuthi oluhlaza kusho ukuthini.

Mhlawumbe ihlathi elihlala liluhlaza noma inhlanhla enamaqabunga amane.Imicabango yenkululeko, isikhundla, noma umhawu ingase ifike engqondweni.Kodwa kungani sibona oluhlaza ngale ndlela?Yiziphi ezinye izincazelo ezizivusayo?Iqiniso lokuthi umbala owodwa ungavusa izinhlobonhlobo zezithombe nezindikimba liyathakazelisa.

Impilo, ukuzalwa kabusha, kanye nemvelo

Unyaka omusha uletha iziqalo ezintsha, imibono ekhulayo kanye nesiqalo esisha.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubonisa ukukhula, ukuzala noma ukuphindukuzalwa, okuluhlaza sekunezinkulungwane zeminyaka kukhona njengophawu lwempilo ngokwayo.Enganekwaneni yamaSulumane, umuntu ongcwele u-Al-Khidr umelela ukungafi futhi uboniswa ezithombeni zenkolo egqoke ingubo eluhlaza.AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babefanekisa u-Osiris, unkulunkulu wezwe elingaphansi komhlaba nokuzalwa kabusha, esikhumbeni esiluhlaza, njengoba kubonakala emidwebeni evela ethuneni likaNefertari esukela ekhulwini le-13 BC.Nokho, okuxakayo ukuthi oluhlaza ekuqaleni lwehlulekile ukumelana nesikhathi.Ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yomhlaba wemvelo kanye ne-copper mineral malachite ukwakha upende oluhlaza kusho ukuthi ukuphila kwayo isikhathi eside kuzophazamiseka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba umbala oluhlaza uphenduka ube mnyama.Nokho, ifa eliluhlaza njengophawu lokuphila neziqalo ezintsha lihlala linjalo.

NgesiJapane, igama elisho okuluhlaza lithi midori, elivela “emaqabunga” noma “ukuchuma.”Okubalulekile ekudwebeni kwezwe, okuluhlaza kwachuma ngobuciko bekhulu le-19.Cabanga ngengxube yombala oluhlaza kanye nesimaragidu ku-Van Gogh's 1889 Green Wheat Field, ihlobo likaMorisot (c. 1879) kanye ne-Monet's Iris (c. 1914-17).Umbala uphinde wavela kukhanvasi waba uphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe, oluqashelwa kumafulegi ase-Pan-African ekhulwini lama-20.Isungulwe ngo-1920 ukuze kuhlonishwe abakwa-diaspora abamnyama emhlabeni wonke, imigqa eluhlaza yefulegi imelela ingcebo yemvelo yenhlabathi yase-Afrika futhi ikhumbuza abantu ngezimpande zabo.

Isimo Nengcebo

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, uhlaza lwaseYurophu lwalusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa abacebile nabampofu.Ukugqoka okuluhlaza kungabonisa isimo senhlalo noma umsebenzi ohlonishwayo, ngokungafani nesixuku sabalimi abagqoka okumpunga okufiphele kanye nabansundu.Umsebenzi wobuciko ka-Jan Van Eyck, The Marriage of Arnolfini (c. 1435), udwebe inqwaba yezincazelo mayelana nokuvezwa kombhangqwana ongaqondakali.Nokho, into eyodwa engenakuphikiswa: ingcebo yabo nesimo sabo emphakathini.UVan Eyck wasebenzisa okuluhlaza okotshani ezimpahleni zabesifazane, okungenye yezindlela zabo zokuphana ezicebile.Ngaleso sikhathi, ukukhiqiza le ndwangu enemibala kwakuyinqubo yokudaya ebizayo futhi edla isikhathi eyayidinga ukusetshenziswa kwenhlanganisela yamaminerali nemifino.

Nokho, okuluhlaza kunemikhawulo yakho.Umdwebo odume kakhulu wesikhathi sonke ubonisa imodeli egqoke okuluhlaza;encwadini kaLeonardo da Vinci ethi “Mona Lisa” (1503-1519), ingubo eluhlaza ikhombisa ukuthi uvela ezikhundleni eziphezulu, njengoba okubomvu bekugcinelwe izicukuthwane.Namuhla, ubuhlobo obuluhlaza kanye nesimo senhlalo sebushintshele engcebweni yezezimali esikhundleni sekilasi.Kusukela kuzindleko eziluhlaza ezifiphele zamadola kusukela ngo-1861 ukuya kumatafula aluhlaza ngaphakathi kwamakhasino, okuluhlaza kumelela ushintsho olukhulu endleleni esilinganisa ngayo indawo yethu emhlabeni wanamuhla.

Ubuthi, Umona kanye Nenkohliso

Nakuba okuluhlaza kuye kwahlotshaniswa nesifo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo zamaGreki nezamaRoma, sithi ukuxhumana kwakho nomhawu kuWilliam Shakespeare.Isisho esithi "inunu enamehlo aluhlaza" ekuqaleni saqanjwa ibhadi kuThe Merchant of Venice (circa 1596-1599), futhi "amehlo aluhlaza omona" ibinzana elithathwe ku-Othello (circa 1603).Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa okungathembeki nokuluhlaza kwaqhubeka ngekhulu le-18, lapho amapende anobuthi namadayi asetshenziselwa iphepha lodonga, i-upholstery nezingubo.Imifino kulula ukuyidala ngezinemibala eluhlaza ekhanyayo, ehlala isikhathi eside, futhi i-arsenic manje equkethe i-Scheele's Green yasungulwa ngo-1775 ngu-Carl Wilhelm Scheele.I-Arsenic isho okokuqala ukuthi kungadalwa okuluhlaza okugqamile, futhi umbala wayo ogqamile wawudumile emphakathini wama-Victorian eLondon naseParis, engazi lutho ngemiphumela yawo enobuthi.

Umphumela wokugula nokufa okusakazekile kwabangela ukuba umbala uyeke ukukhiqizwa ekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka.Muva nje, incwadi ka-L. Frank Baum ka-1900 ethi The Wizard of Oz yasebenzisa okuluhlaza njengendlela yokukhohlisa nokukhohlisa.Umthakathi uphoqelela umthetho oqinisekisa izakhamuzi zeDolobha lase-Emerald ukuthi idolobha labo lihle kakhulu kunalokho eliyikho ngempela: “Abantu bami sebegqoke izibuko eziluhlaza isikhathi eside kangangokuthi iningi labo licabanga ukuthi ngempela iDolobha lase-Emerald.Futhi, lapho isitudiyo sefilimu i-MGM sinquma ukuthi uMthakathi Omubi waseNtshonalanga uzoba luhlaza ngombala, ukuguqulwa kwefilimu yombala ka-1939 kwaguqula ubuso babathakathi esikweni elidumile.

Inkululeko kanye Nokuzimela

Okuluhlaza kusetshenziswe ukumela inkululeko nokuzimela kusukela ngekhulu lama-20.Umdwebi we-Art Deco, uTamara de Lempicka, isithombe sakhe sikaTamara sika-1925 sika-Tamara esiluhlaza savezwa kukhava yemagazini yemfashini yaseJalimane i-Die Dame futhi selokhu saba uphawu lwenhlangano ekhulayo yenkululeko yabesifazane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.Nakuba umculi ngokwakhe engeyena umnikazi wemoto yegama elifanayo, i-Lempicka esihlalweni somshayeli imelela okuhle okunamandla ngobuciko.Muva nje, ngo-2021, umlingisi u-Elliot Page wahlobisa i-lapel yesudi yakhe ye-Met Gala nge-carnations eluhlaza;ukuhlonipha imbongi u-Oscar Wilde, owenza okufanayo ngo-1892 njengophawu lobunye obuyimfihlo phakathi kwamadoda angama-gay.Namuhla, lesi sitatimende singabonakala njengophawu lwenkululeko nobumbano oluvulekile ekusekeleni umphakathi we-LGBT+.